Increase In Natural Disasters Health And Social Care Essay

Extreme conditions temperatures and increase in natural catastrophes in recent old ages have eventually made the policy shapers think seriously about â€Å" Climate alteration and Natural catastrophes † . The austere reappraisal and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ‘s 4th ( revised ) assessment study in 2008[ A ]had clearly stated that addition in natural catastrophes due to climate alteration will hold inauspicious affects on societal and economic sectors. The study which had declared that clime alteration will do addition in natural catastrophes in approaching old ages, has lived up to its anticipation. Harmonizing to UNISDR from twelvemonth 2008-2011 natural catastrophes have been responsible for economic amendss deserving 730 Billion USD, have adversely affected 843 million people and killed about 598,000 people around the universe. There has been an addition of more than 50 % in the figure of inundations in the last decennary in comparing to the 1990s a nd likewise the happening of entire natural catastrophes has besides increased over the last decennary. [ Mistake: Reference beginning non found ] The addition in both the strength and frequence of inundations over the last decennary has raised concerns within development bureaus, authoritiess and regional co-operations ; natural catastrophe direction has gained precedence among all stakeholders. In 2005 U.N created â€Å" The Hyogo Framework for Action †[ B ]; a planetary design for catastrophe hazard decrease attempts with a ten-year program, the model was adopted in January 2005 by 168 authoritiess at the U.N World Conference on Disaster Reduction. [ 2 ] Although all 168 states did accept the model in rule, nevertheless there has been small done to cut down nursery emanations or adapt catastrophe hazard decrease schemes across the board. Similarly in response to the December 2004 tsunami and the temblor of December 2005 in South Asia, a Particular Session of the SAARC Environment Ministers ( Male , 25 June 2005 ) adopted the Male Declaration on a corporate response to big scale natural catastrophes. A SAARC Disaster M anagement Centre ( SDMC ) was established in New Delhi in October 2006, the SDMC was created to supply policy advice and facilitate capacity constructing including strategic acquisition, research, preparation, system development, expertness publicity and exchange of information for effectual catastrophe hazard decrease and direction. [ 3 ] Policy devising has besides been activated at the province degree, for illustration the authorities of Queensland in Australia has taken enterprise on a province degree of making a policy model to cut down and undertake natural catastrophes. The model called the â€Å" Disaster Management Strategy Policy model † includes Research, Policy and Governance, Risk Assessment, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Relief and Recovery, Post-Disaster Assessment. [ 4 ] One might be of the sentiment that catastrophe events are probabilistic events and their happening can merely be calculated on a chance footing and there is no flight from their devastation. However it is of import to understand the effects of the happening and what can be done to assist the affected public overcome the catastrophe natural catastrophes cause. Research has shown despite the graduated table of the catastrophe, a combination of national and international policy can assist guard off disease and decease in states with functioning authoritiess. This literature reappraisal investigates old surveies conducted on the socio economic impact of inundations in context to Gender.The 2010 inundations in PakistanThe geological section of the Australian authorities defines inundations as â€Å" the covering of usually dry land by H2O that has escaped or been released from the normal confines of: any lake, or any river, brook or other natural watercourse, whether or non altered or mo dified ; or any reservoir, canal, or dike. † [ 4 ] Floods chiefly impact the human community either straight through contact with the H2O or indirectly through the harm the H2O does to the natural and human built environment. [ 5 ] â€Å" Localized inundations can hold a important impact on people ‘s physical and mental wellness. † [ 6 ] The 2010 monsoon inundations were one of the largest inundations in the history of Pakistan doing unprecedented harm and killing more than 1,700 people. The inundations affected over, 20 million people, inundated about one fifth of the state ‘s land and caused loss of one million millions of dollars through amendss to substructure, lodging, agribusiness and farm animal, and other household assets. [ 8 ] The World Bank and Asian Development Bank estimated that the implosion therapy had caused the economic system $ 9.7 billion in losingss. [ 9 ] Cases of malnutrition, stomach flu, diarrhoea, skin infections, cholera, enteric fever, malaria, and hepatitis were reported. Food monetary values dramatically increased after the implosion therapy, seting an economic strain on the full population. The southern state of Sindh was hit rather to a great extent by the inundations, it was reported that about Seven million people were affected by inundations in the state ; 1000s were trapped by inundation Waterss and had been in demand of aid. Our survey part the southern territory of Thatta was affected in a ruinous mode by the inundations, as the flow of the inundation Waterss touched 9,50,000 cusecs the lame butchs built to protect the territory ‘s public overflowed doing both Bankss of the Indus River to deluge doing tremendous sum of devastation. At the clip of deluging the province machinery which included both the provincial and federal authorities along with many international and national NGOs led the alleviation attempts and was able to avoid the happening of any larger calamity such as far dispersed hungriness or dearth. However in recent old ages uninterrupted Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act have kept the authorities preoccupied with affairs of public safety and security, this has diverted the authorities ‘s attending from institutional reform to affairs of ad-hoc nature. The presence of situational challenges has reduced province capacity to fruitfully supply basic services for which resources had already been lacking. This has limited authorities ‘s response to natural catastrophes largely to necessitate appraisal and immediate alleviation operations. The appraisals have typically focused on direct amendss of capital assets which includes figure of deceases and hurts, amendss to edifices and public substructure, loss of harvest and farm animal. Appraisals of catastrophe impacts on societal sectors such as wellness and instruction are besides limited to the measuring of amendss to school and infirmary edifices, the appraisals tend to disregard the long term affects on the wellness and instruction degrees of the affected public. Long term appraisals of societal sectors is critical even more so for a state similar Pakistan as it already struggles with low societal development indexs, ranking 145 out of 187[ C ]states in the Human Development Index and a Gender Development Index ( GDI ) ranking of 120 out of 146[ D ]states.Approachs to mensurate impact of natural catastrophesResearch workers across the universe have used diverse attacks to find the impact of inundations. In Pakistan the EU has antecedently employed the EMMA ( Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis ) , which is a rapid market analysis designed to be used in the short term wake of a sudden-onset crisis. A better apprehension of the most critical markets in an exig ency state of affairs enables determination shapers ( givers, NGOs, authorities, other human-centered histrions ) to see a broader scope of responses. The purpose of the attack is to estimate and understand the construction and operation of cardinal markets in the short term so that immediate recovery plans are in consistent to the on the land state of affairs. Although the research is utile in supplying immediate alleviation, nevertheless the attack does non take into consideration the long term effects of the catastrophe. [ 10 ] Similarly another attack which can assist givers aim their convalescence attempts is ECLAC, ECLAC ‘s methodological analysis is related to post catastrophe rating ; it focuses on rehabilitation and convalescence. It advocates utilizing a dynamic and sectoral position that enables the research workers to cipher future losingss derived by the devastation of productive constructions and forfeitures of concern chances and its middle/long term effects in different footings. The methodological analysis aims to enable its users to seek to specify if and which type of international cooperation the community affected demands. Although precise cognition of assorted sectoral amendss and losingss, present and future, suffered by the communities enables the catastrophe alleviation bureaus to put to death more specific rehabilitation undertakings, nevertheless use of a macro-perspective to estimate the amendss and provides losingss in pecuniary footings leaves out the impact on societal sect ors and chiefly focal points on economic costs. [ 11 ] In a Flood-site undertaking study on the Mulde River in Germany the research workers have taken the underside up perspective to analyse societal exposure posed by inundations. The methodological analysis seeks to categorise the fortunes that make an person or a community vulnerable and look into how some groups in these fortunes might be more vulnerable than others. The research workers who define societal exposure as â€Å" the features of a individual or group in footings of their capacity to expect, header with, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural jeopardy † chiefly concentrate on how communities and societal groups are able to cover with the impacts of a natural jeopardy. The attack provides valuable penetration into the kineticss of societal capital, but lacks item of sectoral appraisals. [ 12 ] Along with good targeted plans it is of import that recovery plans are sustainable. In Sudan, AIACC has employed a research method based upon the sustainable support conceptual model ; the research method aims to measure the public presentation of sustainable support and environmental direction steps. International Institute for Sustainable Development defines sustainable supports as being â€Å" concerned with people ‘s capacities to bring forth and keep their agencies of life, heighten their wellbeing, and that of future coevalss. Sustainable support appraisal is intended to bring forth an apprehension of the function and impact of a undertaking on heightening and procuring local people ‘s supports. It chiefly relies on a scope of informations aggregation methods, a combination of qualitative and quantitative informations indexs and, to changing grades, application of a sustainable supports model. The theoretical account focuses on five types of capital viz. ; natural, physical homo, societal and fiscal. The model employs the Livelihood Assessment Tracking ( LAST ) System to mensurate alterations in header and adaptative capacity. Quantitative and qualitative indexs are combined with the LAST system for its usage ; the LAST system is developed through creative activity of development indexs by the aid of the local community. [ 13 ] All the above mentioned models, even with their short-comings provide valuable inputs into the assessment methods of catastrophe impacts. However, the above discussed models which focus on immediate demands appraisal, macro-economic impacts, societal capital, and sustainable supports do non look to be gender sensitive and lack concentration on societal sectors in a gender sensitive mode. It has been clip and once more noted that adult females are most adversely affected by natural catastrophes. Sara-Bradshaw in her paper socio-economic impacts of natural catastrophes advocates the usage of a gender attack ; the paper states that the first measure to guaranting that the specific basic demands of adult females are addressed over the short and long term is to roll up informations broken by sex and age sections instantly after the happening of a catastrophe. This is of import because interrupting up of informations aids recognize the affects of the inundation on adult females in peculiar and aids in foregrounding the specific demands of the gender. For illustration in many instances in a Muslim state adult females might choose non to see a male physician, therefore if the research workers have the figure of adult females who need medical attending they can set up female physicians consequently. [ 14 ]Gender Aspects of Natural Disasters InternationalEnarson et al 1998, Fordham 1998, Morrow 1999 and Tapsell et al 2000 are of the position that inundations and other catastrophes can impact upon work forces and adult females in different and distinguishable ways. Similarly â€Å" It is believed that work forces and adult females will be faced with different exposures to climate alteration impacts due to bing inequalities such as, their function and place in society, entree to resources and power dealingss that may impact the ability to react to the effects of clime alteration † ( WEDO 2007 ; Commission on the Status of Women 2008 ; Carvajal et Al 2008 ; Bridge, 2 008 ) . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] It is a basic fact that bulk of the adult females in developing states and peculiarly in the South Asiatic part are at a disadvantage when compared to their male opposite numbers. International Literature such as Tapsell et al 2003 illustrates that adult females suffer markedly more than work forces at the worst clip of deluging. Research has shown that due to socially constructed functions and duties, adult females seem to bear the most loads ensuing from clime variableness impacts. Due to the traditional gender functions in many developing states, it is seen that adult females are in charge of the house and responsible for family demands such as cookery, rinsing, hygiene, kids and raising little farm animal. Children, in peculiar misss portion these duties. In Africa, adult females do 90 % of the work of roll uping H2O and wood, for the family and nutrient readying. It is noted that adult females have to work excess work loads when faced with natural calamities as they try to pull off their mundane undertakings during an exigency state of affairs. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Qualitative research suggests that this is because adult females have the chief duty for, and like ly, a greater emotional investing in the place than work forces. They besides normally have the cardinal duty for the attention of kids and the aged in the place, for illustration even in a station inundation state of affairs it is the cardinal duty of the adult female for acquiring the place back to normal after the inundation. [ 22 ] In many developing states and particularly in the south Asiatic part, nutrient hierarchies favor male nutritionary demands and frequently adult females nutrition and wellness demands are ignored. In Bangladesh it has been reported that â€Å" Give the already unstable nutritionary province of big Numberss of misss and adult females in BangladeshaˆÂ ¦any farther addition in favoritism would hold serious effects. † In hapless families, throughout the universe, adult females go without nutrient for the benefit of their kids or male household members. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Furthermore an ADB study in 2001 found that in Bangladesh of the 20-30 % female headed families, 95 % are populating below poorness line. Even in developed states such as the U.K, lone parent and individual pensionary households-the bulk of which are female headed are most likely to be populating in poorness. It is noted that in some cases force per unit area on households has been so terrible that there have been studies of kids being offered for domestic employment, and of female kids being sold. The grounds informs us that adult females headed families already tend to hold limited economic resources and therefore a natural catastrophe can hold a greater impact on their supports in comparing to others. Other than the over-all poorness rates, wellness and instruction are two sectors where adult females in the part still lag behind work forces. The hapless nutritionary position of adult females makes them more susceptible to disease infection, peculiarly in developing states where there is small societal proviso and limited or no entree to proper medical attention. Poor nutrition besides makes adult females more vulnerable to catastrophes, and makes the physically strenuous undertakings of H2O and fuel aggregation more hard. Research in India has found that misss ‘ nutrition suffers most during periods of low ingestion and lifting nutrient monetary values, which is common during catastrophe state of affairss [ 36 ] [ 37 ] . Fewtrell and Kay ( 2006 ) provide grounds of inundations doing Bacterial, fungal, respiratory disease, and GI infection along with otalgia and skin roseolas among others. It is widely acknowledged in wellness research that some groups, such as adult females ( particularly pregnant adult females ) , the immature, the aged and immune compromised people are more vulnerable to wellness impacts ( particularly infection ) than other people ( e.g. Flynn and Nelson, 1998 ; White et al. , 2002 ; WHO 2004 ) . [ 28 ] Furthermore inundations can besides hold an impact on the mental wellness of the affectees. It has been suggested that adult females may endure more mental strain in certain state of affairss, due to cultural norms. Womans in hapless wellness prior to the inundation are more likely to see the implosion therapy as traumatic. When whole households move to urban slums or alleviation cantonments the adult females face challenges accommodating to the new environment. Problems include to rment, deficiency of security, undependable H2O supplies which increases their work load, and gender insensitive conditions such as deficiency of privateness besides have a tolling consequence. Long journeys to the alleviation cantonments can do both physical and mental emphasiss when coupled with experiences of sexual torment on these journeys. Women ‘s ‘ dramatically expanded attention giving functions following a catastrophe, and seting household demands before their ain, may explicate overall diminution in emotional well being. [ 29 ]Gender Aspects of Natural Disasters PakistanThe international literature on adult females in relation to climate alteration clearly highlights the terrible exposure and inauspicious exposure natural catastrophes pose to adult females in peculiar. Similarly research surveies have been conducted by different development organisations to estimate the impact of the terrible inundations that hit Pakistan late. The research consequences are in line with international research literature. As Pakistani adult females peculiarly tend to chiefly hold generative and domestic functions in the families and are hardly seeable in the public domains, peculiarly in rural countries, these features make manner for a greater impact on their socio-economic conditions from natural catastrophes. The bing state of affairs of adult females in Pakistan can non be to the full valued without an apprehension of the ways in which faith, civilization and traditions have organized societal dealingss and fractured society along category, racial, cultural and gender lines. Pakistan hence, presents a typical state of affairs from a socio-economic position. In Pakistan Men and male childs are given more weightage over the household resources in comparing to adult females and misss. A study conducted by OCHA as a Needs Assessment survey on the 2011 inundations in Sindh found that 37 % of families had reduced or skipped nutrient consumption ; pattern ad opted by adult females and misss in the family to run into the ration demands, which is similar to findings mentioned earlier from Bangladesh. [ 32 ] Nazish brohi et Al have analyzed emerging tendencies and informations, trusting chiefly on the Gender Needs Assessment ( GNA ) , the Multiaˆ?cluster Rapid Assessment Mechanism ( McRAM ) , instance surveies and emerging secondary information. Their survey includes instance surveies based on the assorted experiences of adult females to inundations. The adult females respondents in the survey have insisted that they had no anterior information about the inundations and many were taken back by surprise. The surprisingness of the inundations magnified its impact and besides increased the exposure of the inundation victims. The survey present penetrations into the experiences of adult females through instance surveies, for illustration â€Å" in Mianwali, a 30 twelvemonth old adult female, Jawwahi, rushed out with her household in waist high H2O and saw her house crumble before her ; in Charsadda, adult females awoke to calls and found H2O hotfooting into their houses † . Simila rly the survey besides illustrates how adult females hygiene had been affected due to inundations. For illustration in Kalabagh territory, â€Å" Baghat Bibi, a 60 twelvemonth old adult female with her three girls and three girls in jurisprudence visited the river every few yearss and submerged themselves ‘ in the H2O to clean themselves and their apparels, and so dry themselves while have oning the same apparels – it is reported that the they had been making it for over three hebdomads † . As adult females in rural countries are non used to traveling approximately in public infinites other than their small towns ‘ ; misss and adult females are frequently embarrassed to be seen accessing toilets and therefore do so during twilight or early forenoon. Such overpowering fortunes coupled with instances of torment can hold profound impacts on mental wellness. [ 35 ] The Preliminary Gender Needs Assessment study by UNIFEM[ E ]studies that the adult females were under terrible emphasis as the desolation caused by the inundations destroyed their limited assets, worsened their personal security state of affairs, and changed their duties as they were forced to react to exigency conditions. The study stresses upon the fact that even though adult females ‘s wellness is critical to the wellbeing of their households, after catastrophes, traditionally as health professionals, they tend to put their demands last. It besides affirms that in certain states, cultural norms such as ‘purdah ‘ bound adult females from being able to show their demands, to boot adult females besides tend to hold a opportunity of traveling unnoticed in the compensation procedure as their economic parts are normally unobserved. Similarly the adult females interviewed by IDMC in Sindh alleged that entree to income-earning chances has been their biggest challenge and a major concern for adult females caputs of family. The slow gait of recovery from the extended harm the inundations caused to the agricultural sector was expected to hold a major impact on adult females ‘s employment. Women besides lacked the certification to turn out their belongings rights. As a consequence, widows and adult females caputs of family interviewed by IDMC reported great trouble in claiming heritages, land and ownerships left at place when they fled. [ 23 ] A March 2011 study by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) found that internally displaced adult females and misss across the state could non venture out to have exigency nutrient assistance without being threatened for go againsting solitude. [ 24 ] Women complained that most wellness services available in the wake of the inundations concentrated on primary wellness attention with small specialised focal point on generative wellness for adult females. [ 25 ] A 2010 appraisal by the UN Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) quoted adult females as describing sexual torment in inundation supplanting cantonments where different folks, households and small towns were placed together. [ 26 ] Hence it is indispensable that research workers while measuring the effects of inundation take both long term and short term wellness impacts into history. It is of import for the research survey to depict the characteristic impacts of inundations on wellness results, depict the factors that influence human wellness as a consequence of inundations, depict the direct wellness impacts of inundations and develop a conceptual model to assistance in the direction and rating of inundation related wellness direction. The literacy rates of adult females in developing states are much lower than their male opposite numbers. A survey by UNICEF in the wake of the 2010 inundations showed that there are gender disparities in supply side factors in Sindh including handiness of schools for misss and male childs. Pre flood establishment interrupt up by gender, degree and sector shows that at the primary degree there are 60 % assorted schools in the populace sector and 42 % assorted schools at the in-between degree. At the primary degree parents are more comfy with directing their miss kid to blend school ; nevertheless there is reluctance when it comes to middle school when the miss attains pubescence, the dropout rates are besides highest at that point and bulk of the dropouts occur when misss move from primary to middle degree. Similarly the survey provides grounds of gender disparities bing in Thatta ; the survey demonstrates the tendencies in pre and station inundation state of affairss in primary regi stration. [ 38 ] Lack of entree to instruction is n't ever related to scarceness of schools nevertheless the inaccessibility of this supply side factor can play a major function in diminishing entree to education along with the inaccessibility of female instructors every bit good. Economic costs, societal traditions, and spiritual and cultural beliefs besides limit misss ‘ educational chances peculiarly when it comes to middle and high degree schooling. As these societal development indexs become worse due to the affects of clime alteration it is of import for the governments to non merely mensurate them but besides address them with sustainable development plans. Given that work forces and adult females in the survey country are destitute with dependence on agribusiness and natural resources for their supports, natural catastrophes pose a high hazard for them. As apparent by the literature reviewed exposure seems to be higher for adult females as they do non hold alternate agencies of employment and most of all employed adult females in the survey country are employed by the agribusiness sector. More and more research workers have concluded that it is of import to choose for a gendered analysis when researching on inundation impacts, Sarah Bradshaw in her survey Socio-economic impacts of natural catastrophes: a gender analysis states â€Å" The first measure towards guaranting that the specific basic demands of adult females are addressed over the short and long term is to roll up informations broken down by sex and age section instantly after a catastrophe. † The interrupting up of informations helps research workers understand adult females specific demands better, which in bend can assist policy shapers design and implement adult females specific schemes and plans. [ 27 ] Even though the grounds provided above from both international and local research literature clearly advocates the instance for greater exposure of adult females from natural catastrophes ; non much has been done to measure the station catastrophe impact of inundations on adult females. Research surveies have remained limited to rapid appraisals or demand appraisals, station catastrophe impact have non been concentrated upon. In order to plan long term sustainable gender sensitive recovery plans it is important to understand the station catastrophe impact of inundations on adult females, maintaining this in head the present survey â€Å" Social-Economic Impact of Flood in District Thatta: A Gendered Analysis † is a pioneering work in Pakistan in which SPDC ‘s research workers have gone a measure in front from other surveies and have tried to measure the station catastrophe impact of one of the worst inundations of the century. Furthermore, research has shown that despite obstructions faced by adult females, they are already developing effectual header schemes which include accommodating their agriculture patterns. Literature such as ( WEDO, 2003 ; Gurung et al. , 2006 ; Mitchell et al. , 2007 ) pointed out that adult females are really knowing and experient with respects to get bying with clime related impacts. They are cognizant of their demands and are really advanced in the face of alteration. Communities on the frontline in accommodating to the effects of natural catastrophes need but so far frequently lack, equal information about clime alteration and version schemes. Due to the adult females ‘s lower literacy degrees in many parts, and other barriers to accessing information, such as civilization, it is critical that adult females ‘s demands are addressed in attempts to supply necessary information. [ 43 ] Ariyabandu and Wickramasighe ( 2005:26 ) suggest that although adult females are frequently more vulnerable to catastrophes than work forces ( owing to conventional gender duties and dealingss ) nevertheless they are non merely incapacitated victims as frequently represented. Womans have valuable cognition and experience in get bying with catastrophes. Yet these strengths and capablenesss of adult females are frequently ignored in policy determinations and in extenuation, thereby, leting these valuable resources to travel to waste and sometimes making dependence state of affairss. Ignorance of gender differences in the yesteryear has led to insensitive and uneffective alleviation operations that have non been able to aim adult females ‘s demands and their possible to help in extenuation and alleviation work. [ 44 ] Hence this research is besides of import because non all is glooming, as international research has suggested that in developing states already sing negative effects of clime alteration, adult females have been identified as peculiarly adaptative and advanced, hence the current research survey shall play a valuable function in doing policy shapers better understand the long term issues of Pakistani adult females in peculiar and place their strengths and failings. Taking the above into consideration, SPDC has designed a gender sensitive research survey to find the impact of the 2010 inundation of Thatta. A gender sensitive primary study is critical in assisting place Gender spreads, therefore SPDC research workers created separate questionnaires for work forces and adult females. The survey helps understand the differences in the socio-economic impact of the inundation on adult females, work forces, misss and male childs. This includes garnering gender sensitive informations on the sectors of instruction, wellness, economic, flood header capableness and the overall impact of the inundation. In order to measure and measure the consequence of inundation on the family public assistance and behaviour, the survey collects single and household information from both male and female respondents individually, doing usage of gender sensitive attacks which in the yesteryear have been limited to demands appraisals or rapid assessment surveies.

Communication misunderstandings Essay

Communication misunderstandings happen all the time in business communications, and the consequences can range from annoying to terrible. Here are some simple rules to follow that can save you a world of trouble when communicating with colleagues and partners. Active listening Active listening is one of the best ways to effectively communicate with others. In fact, when we actually listen, misunderstanding is less likely to occur. Active listening is all about building rapport, understanding, and trust. Face the speaker, maintain eye contact, keep an open mind, engage yourself. Ask question Avoid making assumptions based on prejudiced opinions. Ask questions to confirm, whether you are the one sending or receiving the message. Never assume that you know what has been conveyed. If someone conveys a message that is unclear, ask for more clarification Be Aware of Your Verbal and Non-Verbal Language Be certain to clearly convey the same verbal and non-verbal cues. Do not give mixed communication signals. Remember, body language, facial expressions, and tone of speech play a significant part in how messages will be interpreted. For example, if you say something one way, and your facial expression says something else, it is very possible that a miscommunication may occur. Build, rapport the relationship Build rapport when you develop mutual trust, friendship, and empathy with someone. Building rapport can be incredibly beneficial to your career – it opens doors and helps establish good relationships with clients, colleagues, and team members. Manage the conflict situation Learn to resolve problems and conflicts as they arise. Learn how to be an  effective mediator and negotiator. Use your listening skills to hear and understand both sides of any argument – encourage and facilitate people to talk to each other. Try not to be judgemental but instead ease the way for conflict resolution Provide constructive feedback †¢Constructive feedback refers to providing a person with useful information about their approach, skills and/or actions in order to encourage professional and personal development. It includes both what a person is doing well and what they need to improve. you can avoid misunderstandings and check to make sure that your communication is clear. Constructive feedback motivates many who use it to change their behavior, study new things, or adopt new attitudes. The summary is also an opportunity to show your support for the other person and an effective way to conclude even a negative feedback situation on a positive note. If communicating with a person from another culture, become familiar with the needs, cultural expectations and language level of the person. have self-awareness of their own cultural practice, including prejudice, stereotyping and bias understand various cultural factors contributing to cultural differences be sensitive and appreciate a migrant’s migration experience have a good knowledge of, and skills in, communication be able to work with interpreters be willing to accept and appreciate other cultures. Communication channel Channels vary in their information richness. Information-rich channels convey more nonverbal information. As you may be able to guess from our earlier discussion of verbal and written communications, verbal communications are richer than written ones. Research shows that effective managers tend to use more information-rich communication channels than less effective managers. [1]The figure below illustrates the information richness of different information channels. Like face-to-face and telephone  conversation, videoconferencing has high information richness because Receivers and Senders can see or hear beyond just the words—they can see the Sender’s body language or hear the tone of their voice. Handheld devices, blogs, and written letters and memos offer medium-rich channels because they convey words and pictures/photos. Formal written documents, such as legal documents, and spreadsheets, such as the division’s budget, convey the least richness because the format is often rigid and standardized. As a result, nuance is lost. In business, the decision to communicate verbally or in written form can be powerful. In addition, a smart manager is aware of the nonverbal messages conveyed by either type of communication—as noted earlier, only 7% of a verbal communication comes from the words themselves. When determining whether to communicate verbally or in writing, ask yourself:Do I want to convey facts or feelings? Verbal communications are a better way to convey feelings. Written communications do a better job of conveying facts. A breakdown in the communication channel leads to an inefficient flow of information. Employees are unaware of what the company expects of them. They are uninformed of what is going on in the company. This will cause them to become doubtful of motives and any changes in the company. Also without effective communication, employees become department minded rather than company minded, and this affects their decision-making and productivity in the workplace. Eventually, this harms the overall organizational objectives as well. Hence, in order for an organization to be run effectively, a good manager should be able to communicate to his/her employees what is expected of them, make sure they are fully aware of company policies and any upcoming changes. Therefore, an effective communication channel should be implemented by managers to optimize worker productivity to ensure the smooth running of the organization. The key to effective communication is to match the communication channel with  the goal of the communication. [3] For example, written media may be a better choice when the Sender wants a record of the content, has less urgency for a response, is physically separated from the Receiver, doesn’t require a lot of feedback from the Receiver, or the Message is complicated and may take some time to understand. Oral communication, however, makes more sense when the Sender is conveying a sensitive or emotional Message, needs feedback immediately, and does not need a permanent record of the conversation. Use the guide provided for deciding when to use written versus verbal communication.

Is CEO Compensation Justified by Performance Research Paper

Is CEO Compensation Justified by Performance - Research Paper Example Since they are getting a well paying compensation, they do not have any other businesses or money generating activities. Having other income generating activities will affect their concentration on the firm. This could ruin the firm’s performance as they are concentrating on other businesses. However, when all their attention is attracted to the firm that is offering perfect compensation, they are likely to reflect the best performance. In such a situation, the firm is likely to flourish in recording the best performance. CEOs that have a well paying compensation scheme depict the aspect of creativity and critical thinking. Creativity is vital in ensuring a firm is on the best track to give stunning performance. Creativity includes slotting better avenues of conducting businesses with clients and other businesses. In such a situation, the businesses are best prepared to record positive performance in the market. Similarly, creativity in a firm ensures all the activities are do ne at the right time and at the right place. For instance, creativity ensures the institution effects all the plans at the right time. This includes market inception plans for some products and services. Without such creativity, the firm is likely to record dwindling performance (Joshi, 2). ... However, lowly rated CEOs do not enhance the critical thinking aspect as they do not have the sole interest. Apparently, firms that remunerate their CEOs with high compensation are well prepared to tackle any setbacks in the market due to critical thinking aspect. The performance of a firm depends on employee and CEO morale. Employees and CEOs that have high morale are likely to record positive performance in the market. However, employees and CEOs that do not have morale in the business are likely to wilt the business. Apparently, CEOs that have a high compensation rate have morale to record better performance with each passing financial calendar. Since they have a better compensation, they have nothing to lose when the firm is on the verge of making an even better improvement. In many instances, the CEOs will be committed to making a better performance since they are given better compensation (Schwartz 1). In such instances, the CEOs will go to greater heights of ensuring the moral e of their employees is boosted. When the morale of workers is enhanced, it is almost certain that the firm will make an improvement with time. However, when the CEOs do not have the best preparation in enhancing their own morale, the workers’ morale will also be low. As such, they both will not have any commitment in making a better accrual in the firm. CEOs with high compensation rate have a future in the firm. The futuristic aspect is mostly enhanced by the better compensation in comparison to other CEOs. Such CEOs will be futuristic and will give all it takes to make an improvement in the firm. For instance, when the CEOs have better compensation, they are likely to make long term commitments to the firm. Given that they want to protect

Can Go company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Can Go company - Case Study Example On the other hand, the firm can outsource the storage function to competent providers. In the second video, online gaming implementation is a complex issue. The success of the firm depends on its responsiveness to market needs and sustainability of trading options. The other issues in the firm include hardware, software, and bandwidth complexities. One way of solving this has to include different stakeholders in the implementation stage. It will erode the possibilities of resistance and hurdles attached to implementation (Crawford, 2003). The second approach is that of involving technical expertise in developing and re-evaluating options in hardware, bandwidth, and software preferences. The third video presents the variance in merging the goals of the firm and the individual preferences and interests of employees. This poses much resistance in organizational direction and overall firm performance. The second issue that is depicted in this case is the hurdle of successful planning. One way of addressing this is through conducting enterprise-wide awareness campaigns for the purposes of stakeholder buy-ins (Crawford, 2003). The other recommendation is carrying out comprehensive data-mining efforts to make evidence based

English Language Learner do not Need to Become Perfect Speakers Essay

English Language Learner do not Need to Become Perfect Speakers - Essay Example One of the popular perceptions is that English learners needs to be perfect in the learning and should acquire the capability to speak flawless English. This is not a true scenario and it is just a general perception which could be disproved. It is not that the world comprises only of those people who know to read, write and speak English (Carrasquillo, A 1994). This paper will deal with the popular perceptions that are generally associated with language and its uses. Through a thorough, analysis and discussion, the paper will open up through facts that a person who is learning English need not have a great command over it in order to attain success in all of his dealings. It will also bring a clear picture that not all are good at English and there is no necessity to be afraid of being singled out in the learning process. Learning the basics of English is necessary for an effective communication and if one can put across the information confidently in an understandable manner, then the purpose is served well. There are different versions of English language available in the global scenario and this stands evidence that the language does not have a particular form. It adapts and evolves according to the place where the language is spoken. Thus, the essential part here remains the ability to communicate to the other party so that they can understand what is being said. Many people across the world give preference in learning their native language and take up English only as their second language. Except few English speaking countries, a vast majority of countries have only second language English speakers. This stands evident to the fact that a person who is learning the language need not be too specific about speaking perfect, flawless English as the person may often get to interact with other second language speakers of English rather than perfect English speakers (Mukherjee, J & Hundt, M 2011). Business English is fast evolving as the perfect medium of commun ication when it comes to trade and commerce. Business English learning is taken by non-native people who want to learn English as a second language. The learning form helps the people to communicate effectively in the world business forum and they were able to turn out great results using the communication. In this particular form of English learning, the rules as to strict grammar and sentences are not used; rather, the language is used for communicating effectively so that the other party can get to understand the conveyed message immediately. All the aspects of business communications like presentations, meetings and negotiations can be delivered with greater efficiency (Goudswaard, G 2006) If we take the case of International English, it is not something that is too perfect if the rules of English are concerned but it is the widely used form of communication. The world is composed of people speaking different languages and thus, it is not a necessity that the perfect English spe aker tag need to be carried around. Ultimately, we need to deal with more number of second languages English speakers than the native English speakers. All that the second language English speaker needs to do is to master the art of putting across the information in an understandable manner and there is no necessity to make rigid. In fact, many people would prefer a casual business discussion where only the subject matter of discussion is given utmost importance rather

Department of Fisheries Decision Support System (DSS) Research Paper

Department of Fisheries Decision Support System (DSS) - Research Paper Example Monitoring the changes in the way the activities related to fishing is very essential for a country to fully explore the resource. In most countries the organizations that are given the responsibility to handle and overlook on the fisheries activities faces difficulties in managing the information concerning the subject. Information about different features of fishing is handled in different section in the department (Anand, & Singh, 2006). To ensure that the storage of this information is fully integrated. The department needs a system that will integrate the different systems that are used in different section to handle this information. As such the most appropriate system that can ensure that the detailed data concerning fisheries can be stored effectively and accurately is data warehousing system. The idea of data warehousing is derived from database management as a tool for knowledge management. Data warehouse is a database which stores the organization information that is gathe red from different sources. The storage of such information is centralized. The information concerning different sections of a department is merged and stored in a standard format on a database. Technology used To build an effective data warehousing system, there is need for a data mart. The best software that can be used to develop this is Microsoft SQL server 2008. ... The information that will be stored in this data warehouse will provide the department with evidence-based centralized data that can be retrieved and used to produce a report. The errors that accrue due to data not being consistence are eliminated. In addition, the long process of processing this data to come up with a reconciled report is also eliminated. More so, the report that is produced from analyzing this data is of high quality. The process of getting the data from the system is also simplified (Trevor, 2010). In a decision support process that uses data from data warehousing system, the people concern can come up with queries and report that originate from themselves. The capability of the system to display the information in a manner that the user can recognize and make use of it with a lot of simplicity is something that cannot be undermined. In general, the process of retrieving the data from the system is shortened and at the same time it is user friendly. Another advant age with data warehousing is the fact that the data that is found in the system is clean and can be trusted. This means that the confidentiality, accuracy and integrity of such data are guaranteed. In addition, the ability of Microsoft SQL servers to store a massive volume of data makes it possible for trend analysis. Scope of the problem The department has the responsibility of coming up with detailed report of the findings they get after completing a field trip. In addition, they are also supposed to give a report after three months and at the end of the year. This report entails all the tasks that are carried out I a particular period and also there is the policy information that goes to the stakeholders. The information system that the department uses

Exploring ethics in contemporary business Assignment

Exploring ethics in contemporary business - Assignment Example Further, decisions in an organisation are taken, for instance, to mitigate risks or brainstorm for the best alternatives to move an organisation to the next level (Guest & Woodrow, 2012) . In a hierarchical organisational structure, decisions are made in boardrooms by the top management without involving other employees. Consequently, the style of leadership in a hierarchical organisational structure tends to be authoritative, where the decision made by the top management is final (Ahmed, Bwisa, & Karanja, 2014). In such a case where decisions go wrong, the management should be held accountable for poor decision-making. On the contrary, while a flatter organisational structure allows other employees to take part in the decision-making process, the management still has the last word regarding the ideal decision to be implemented (Michaelson, 2010). In this sense, ethical issues arise whether it is appropriate to hold an employee accountable for poor decision-making in an organisation. In an organisation, decision-making entails a process of tackling a problem by looking for a solution that will bring about value for an organisation’s stakeholders. In essence, decisions in an organisation can be programmed or non-programmed. In the former, decisions are normally repetitive and routine while, in the latter process, decisions tend to be novel and unstructured (Ahmed, Bwisa, & Karanja, 2014). Some of the models in the literature that can be associated with organisational decision-making include the Rational, Carnegie, Incrementalist, Unstructured and the Garbage Can models (Glockner & Betsch, 2011). With regard to the rational model, the process of making decisions is straightforward and involves a three-step process. The three steps encompass identifying the problem, brainstorming for an ideal alternative and selecting the best among others to implement. In most organisational setups, the rational model is the most common

California Health and Human Services Agency Essay

California Health and Human Services Agency - Essay Example Another criterion is to examine the currency of information on the site by looking for updated details on documents and links. Lastly, the coverage of the site shows that the objective of the site is clearly to be used as information updates only, and in no way presents any biasness towards any agencies or boards. Since the inception of the internet, many human services agencies have developed official websites to promote and create awareness for their organizations. One such agency is the California Health and Human Services Agency (CHHS). This paper will examine and analyze the value and relevance of this website to its target audiences using the criteria set out by the Wolfgram Memorial Library (WML) from Widener University. According to WML, there are five crucial criterions that can be used to determine the efficacy of the information on the site, and they include authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, and coverage. (WML, 2009) The homepage for the CHHS website contains a welcome message by the Secretary, Kim Belshe, in addition to the vision of the agency, which informs "all Californians, especially those most at risk or in need (that they) have the opportunity to enjoy a high quality of life as measured by the sound physical, mental, and financial health of children, adolescents, and adults; strong and well-functioning families; safe and sustainable communities; and dignity for all." (CHHS, 2009) It is clear that CHHS is responsible for the contents of the page because the agency logo is visibly presented. To mark its affiliation with the State of California, there is a copyright mark and a link to the official website on every page. There is also a link to the website for the Governor of California. (CHHS, 2009) While the vision of the agency is stated, the agency goal is not quite as transparent. The closest form of explanation is perhaps under the link "About Us" which spells out the "responsibility f or administering major programs," (CHHS, 2009) and includes the contact information like the agency address and telephone number, which verifies the legitimacy of the agency. However, it is worth noting that an email contact is not provided for enquiries. This may be an indication that the site is meant more as a source of information rather than a site that promotes dialogue. The legitimacy of the website is well established with links to independent websites for all twelve departments and one board. However, at the time of writing this analysis, there was an error linking to the Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs (CHHS, 2009), which indicates a lack of quality control. Without an email contact available, the audience is then forced to either call the agency, or make the extra effort to look for this site online. If CHHS were meant to be only as a source of information, the agency's objective as an official site that "administers state and federal programs for health care, social services, public assistance, and rehabilitation," is clear. (CHHS, 2009) All links are directed to independent department sites that provide a more comprehensive presentation of each program's agenda. For example, the link to the Department of Community Services and Development details this department's programs and resources. (CSD, 2009) Any document or links in the website that highlight specific programs are also presented according to the most recently published so

Amity Centre for eLearning Essay Example for Free

Amity Centre for eLearning Essay Mr. Sreenivas (55) working as manager in Alfa Chemicals, a large scale industrial establishment engaged in the production of Phosphate and Sulphur. He has 30 years of experience in Alfa Chemicals. He has an excellent track record as Manager Human Resources within the organization. Many times he got best  employer award to performance excellence. His area of expertise in recruitment and selection process, and performance appraisal has been widely acknowledged. The Information Technology division of Alfa Chemicals industry once faced acute shortage of manpower. Mr. Raj, Manager IT division put forward an immediate requirement of 10 employees in the IT division, to HR department, starting from junior level to senior level. As and when Mr. Sreenivas got the letter from Mr. Raj, in his department, he started processing of it. To get it done, he approached many sources. He had gone through the data bank of company and considered 100 resumes for recruitment from it. He also informed the employees and employers of the organization, in their respective departmental notice board, showing the immediate requirement of 10 employees to facilitate the internal recruitment procedures. From the employees and employers of Alfa Chemicals he got around 150 applications with resumes. In addition to that in order to give an opportunity to candidates external to the organization he floated an advertisement in several daily news papers viz., Times of India, Sakal, and Indian Express. From external sources he got around 350 applications. Almost 600 candidates, including internal and external applicants, applied for 10 vacant posts. To ensure the reliability and dependability of the process, Sreenivas made his personal scrutiny at all levels, in the recruitment and selection process. Since the entire department function as a team in HR, all the members trust each other and extended their valuable contribution in the recruitment and selection. The department conducted a preliminary interview in order to made first  screening process and filter the number of applicants. After the first screening process the HR department reduced the number of applicant list from 600 to 500 applicants. He conducted a written test and group discussion and there by further reduces the number of applicants to 300. These 300 candidates then exposed to one hour psychometric test and out of which 50 candidates selected for the final interview. From the final interview, 10 candidates finally selected. The entire process of recruitment and selection took almost 3 months. The selected candidates list then forwarded to the top management for the final approval. HR department informed the candidates that the appointment letters will be sent to those who are selected for the post. Sreenivas approached several time to the top management about to get final approval of list of candidates for the IT department. Sreenivas informed the IT department also that the delay in the final list announcement as the top  management take some more time. He waited almost 4 weeks. But, no reply at all. Mr. Raj, the IT manager every day enquired about the latest information about the final list of the candidates and tentative date of induction. Sreenivas faced the difficulty to make any comment on the subject as there was no information from the top management. HR department had to answer many phone calls from out side and inside the organization, as recruitment involved candidates from inside and outside. The employers and employees of the industry, whose relatives got into the final selection process, became regular visitors of the HR department, asking for the finalist. Sreenivas called a meeting of HR team members and once again made a close verification of the entire process. But he couldnt find any fault in any of the recruitment and selection process. As the time went on he became more suspicious about the delay in the announcement of the result. When the problem becomes so crucial Sreenivas got direction from the top management to meet Mr. Kartik, General Manager, one of the top officials in the organization. Mr.Kartik asked the entire process of recruitment and selection that made on IT professionals. Sreenivas furnished the entire details of the process in a precise report. Mr. Kartik read the entire  report and soon after made a direct comment that the recruitment and selection process that for IT professionals need to be cancelled as he observed some discrepancies in the process made by his department. He further directed Sreenivas that the vacancies have to be filled through contract basis and no permanent vacancies to be made in these positions, for one year. Further he informed Sreenivas that another recruitment process to be done from external candidates applied and no internal application to be entertained. Sreenivas couldnt agree with the Mr. Kiran comment on his departments inefficiency in the recruitment and selection process. For a while he thought about quitting the organization, as he faced a baseless allegation from the top management. Till date there is no black mark in his functional dissemination. On many occasion he helped the industry to find out best possible solutions in order to tackle the many manpower crisis. Sreenivas became so depressed and felt quiet unhappy about the decision taken by the management. Mr. Sreenivas called an urgent meeting of his subordinates and communicated the management decision and directives. He shared with the team members that the management had greater dissatisfaction on the recruitment and selection process done by the department. He enquired that any one made any mistake in the  process. All members denied the probability of any mistake. As there were clear norms and regulations related to each step and there was no dual command, they found no possibility of creeping errors in the selection process. In the meeting he informed his subordinates that the management freezes the appointment process for IT professionals and asked for external recruitment on contract basis. It was shocking news to members. They asked several questions to get a proper clarification from Sreenivas. As Mr. Sreenivas himself unaware of the reasons behind management decision, he informed his subordinate his inability to give a proper reply in this regard. Sreenivas also informed this matter to Mr. Raj. During the evening hours, in the same day, Sreenivas got a call from Mr. George, one of his senior-level Managers, with whom he had friendly and informal relationship. Mr. George asked Srinivas to come to his cabin. As per the call Mr.  Sreenivas met George in his cabin. George enquired about his family and many unofficial matters in the informal interaction. Half an hour later, Mr. George enquired about the recruitment and selection process of IT professionals. He shared with George all those things happened with top management. Leaving aside the informal interaction, George initiated formal discussion with Sreenivas. He told Sreenivas that the selected list of IT professionals consisted two names, Mr. Avdesh and Mr. Praveen, they are the relatives of two trade union leaders of the organization. The management felt that being the relatives of two trade union leaders, in the long run, they could be a threat to organization. It may create an image that the trade unions still have a control over the decision making process in organization. Further, the hold of trade union may expand if this selection process materializes. Mr. Geroge informed Sreenivas that management didnt have any doubt about the dependability and exactness of the recruitment processes that HR departmentr did. George further informed Sreenivas that as per the intimation from top management he called Mr. Sreenivas and briefed about the undercurrents of this episode. The entire news was shocking to Mr. Sreenivas. He didnt know that the management decision had this much of undercurrents. After hearing entire story Sreenivas become so silent and returned to his cabin. While sitting inside his cabin, he made a silent comment that, what a useless effort. Questions 1. What are the undercurrents of selection process in Alfa Chemicals? 2. How management decision justifies management effort in the maintenance of harmonious industrial relation? 3. Do you believe that as HR Manager, Mr. Sreenivas failed to gather direct and indirect information about the candidates? 4. How cancellation of appointment decision that affect the moral of organizational members? 5. How you interpret the dilemma of HR managers have to face in such kind of situations. 6. What would be your decision if you have to face such situation? 7. Do you believe that trade unions have quota in appointments? 8. How the decision affect the reduction of wastages and improvement of resources. 9. Is the decision reflecting management fear towards trade union or inability to develop a congenial industrial relationship within the organization? 10. How you interpret the silence of Mr. Sreenivas?

Memories of Childhood Essay Example for Free

Memories of Childhood Essay Childhood is a golden period of mans life. It is the time when man is dependent but he enjoys all the comforts of the life. He has nothing to worry about. He has to do nothing to get his demand fulfill except weeping. It is a carefree time. In my childhood I was free from worries and sorrows. When every day and night brought joys for me. Parents tried to amuse me. They loved me so much that I began to think they were living only for me and it was not wrong as well. Near our house there was a pond. Father took me daily to the pond to enjoy the beautiful sight of the setting sun. Once my father fell ill and could not go to the pond. I was very fond of taking bath in the bright water of the pond but father did not allow me to fulfill my desire. Now it was a golden chance. I went alone to the pond and jumped into the water. Deep water took me into its lap. After this what happened I do no know. When I opened my eyes a doctor was bending over me. Mother and sisters were weeping. I had to remain for one month in the hospital. Now when I recall that horrible accident my heart begins to sink with fear. Then I decided not to do anything without the permission of parents. There is one more thing which I cannot help mentioning More over I can never forget the day when I was beaten by the gardener for stealing mangoes. My friend Maria and I went to the garden to eat mangoes. Maria was very active and clever. She remained out of the garden and asked me to climb up the mango tree. Consequently I was caught by the gardener and he bead me with his sharp stick. Maria ran away The gardener took me before my father and told the whole story. Father prohibited me from going to the garden. I was much ashamed but soon all it was over. If you have female companion you are fond of dolls as well. The same case was with me. I was very fond of dolls in my childhood. Maria and I played with the dolls for hours, marrying and decorating them. Mother did not like her daughter wasting time in playing. As a result she took me to the school. I was much frightened and puzzled among the strange girls. I began to weep bitterly. While I was weeping I felt a soft hand on my back it was my teacher. She consoled me and gave me a beautiful book of colorful pictures. I was taught by her to smile in the storm of tears and sufferings. Now she is far away from me but her memory is fresh in my mind and I will never forget her as well. Children usually keep on gamboling and playing . Sometimes they keep on running in childhood I was like a playful deer wandering through the meadows. Maria and wandered the whole day long in the green fields of our villages picking wild flowers and making garlands. How beautiful moonlit nights were in childhood! When the shining moon appeared we all played in the open fields catching one another. Now childhood is no more but it appears a beautiful dream.

The diversity of the leisure industry

The diversity of the leisure industry 1.0 Introduction For many people leisure to them might mean when one has free time or when one is unoccupied with duties or responsibilities. For some, leisure could be a luxury for their free time; this could be because of a number of reasons such as, they could be a workaholic where they work compulsively at the expense of their activities or they could be people who live in complex societies such as in robust towns and cities. For some, leisure could be a necessity because they believe in proper balance of social and family life. For some others, leisure to them might mean to just socialize and communicate with one another. For example going to the cinema with your friends is considered a leisure activity, but some people believe that leisure is all mainly active sports such indoor football or squash which means they all have their own definition on leisure. This would suggest that people define leisure on different terms depending on how their backgrounds are and other key factors such as culture, gender, age, economic status and social class. Leisure is defined as: ‘Time at ones command, free from engagement; convenient opportunity; hence, convenience; ease. (BrainyMedia, 2009) The Leisure industry has much diversity such as various activities and the many elements of it such as race/ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation and ability/disability. Some activities would be linked to a cultural and linguistically diverse background. There is a diverse range of activities available for your unoccupied time such as, your hobbies like gardening, shopping, spectators sport, holidays and gambling. There are three main types of leisure, active, passive and home based. All three include many diverse activities such as, hiking, home entertainment or even just reading could be considered as a leisure activity. Many school students can benefit from the diverse leisure pursuits because they get offered a range of after school clubs making leisure activities more participle and recreational. 1.1 Active leisure activities There are many active pursuits that we can take part in. Active pursuits can be high impact or low impact activities. Low impact activities like walking and yoga do not expend high levels of energy, usually have little contact or competition and does not require much equipment. In the other side there are high impact activities such as wrestling and rugby, which are competitive sports that require quite a fair amount of equipments. Active Pursuits: Indoor Badminton, basketball, squash, volleyball, athletics, gymnastics, hockey, bowling and boxing. Outdoor – Motocross, jogging, beach volleyball, golf, canoeing, cycling, skiing, snowboarding, rowing, sailing and handball Team- Rugby, water polo, netball, American football, cricket, baseball, soccer, rallying and korfball. Individuals Surfing, archery, triathlon, canoeing, barrel racing, snooker and pool. Countryside – Walking, mountain biking, sailing, hiking, cross country and climbing Urban Skateboarding, free running, wakeboarding, ultimate, parkour and BMX They are described as ‘active leisure because it requires some level of movement and skill for that particular sport. Some because of its competitiveness or some because of its high energy level input towards the sport. For it to be a high energy sport, the activity has to initiate a higher heart rate than normal, for example skiing because it involves a lot of focus, awareness and adrenaline rushes. Some sports such as sky diving, bungee jumping and base jumping are considered high impact active pursuits because it exerts high levels of adrenaline and elevates heart rates to exceedingly high levels. Those types of pursuits require a lot of motivation and some skills. Whether its for competition or for thrills and excitements they all share a common characteristic: theyre all dynamic; require high levels of motivation and some degree of skills; and are usually practiced outside our homes with other people. The benefits with all active pursuits are that it keeps us fit and healthy (physically and psychologically), it improves our general health, it helps us meet new people (psychologically and socially) and it can increase our poise and self-esteem (psychologically). Active Leisure activities however old we are and what motivation or skills we have, there is an active leisure pursuit to suit all our needs. The range of active pursuits is very diverse, from boxing to playing hockey and even to visit theme parks is considered as an active leisure pursuit, because they all involve some type active motion at high levels. Some activities dont even require much energy outputs such as chess and painting. The reason they are considered as active leisure activities is because they both require a substantial amount of mental effort and so cannot be considered as passive activities. Definition: â€Å"engaged in action; characterized by energetic work, participation, etc.; busy: an active life, being in a state of existence, progress, or motion: active hostilities†. (Dictionery, 2002) 1.2 Passive leisure activities Passive activities are as diverse as active pursuits; they both share similar amounts of motivation and skills. Passive activities mainly benefit a persons mental health; it is most commonly related to a source of relaxation or to unwind from daily stress. In terms of health, passive pursuits dont offer as many benefits as active pursuits but it is ideally reflected on the persons age, lifestyle and interests. Passive pursuits: Shopping ‘UK and Mintels research reveals that 84% of the UKs adult population enjoy shopping/browsing for goods in person, while 33%, or 60% of Internet users, enjoy shopping or browsing for goods online.(Mintel, 2009) The UK is arguably one of the most sophisticated retail environments in the whole of Europe. This data also states how popular shopping as a passive leisure activity really is among Great Britains population. Cinema Age has no relative effect on visiting cinemas as a passive activity but there have been many new releases of universal and PG movies for young people. There is a steady increase in the amount of young people attending cinemas but the large majority of visitors are still the adult group, as shown in figure 1. There are many reasons why there are a larger majority of adults over young people in cinemas. One because of age limits for certain films, where only the adults can benefit from this and not the young. Two because of the amount of free time the adults have against a stricter curfew for the young. Or thirdly because the adults have more spending ability than most young people. Eating out This relates to night time entertainments such as going to the pub and clubbing. The reason why people eat out more is because its a lot less stress to cook yourself, a lot cheaper and its more relaxing to order from a menu rather than have to get up and self serve again and again. This graph shows that people with a high income salary can buy more amounts of pizza than the other groups. The people with a low income salary prefer to have fish and chips over the rest, most probably because its cheaper to buy or it could be their pattern of food choice (interests). The people with an average salary buy more fish and chips than the other groups and have the occasional hamburgers and pizza. Passive leisure activities are mostly based on your free time and what you do with it. This means the person is away from any type of work or duties/responsibilities. Passive pursuits dont exert or expand your physical or mental energy. Most of our pursuits tend to reflect on our age, lifestyle, interests and spending power. An example would be figure 2 where it shows clearly how it affects peoples choices. Definition: ‘not participating readily or actively; inactive:being the object of action rather than causing action (opposed to ACTIVE);inert or quiescent.(Dictionery, Passive, 2002) 1.3 Home-based leisure pursuits Home-based leisure pursuits arent as diverse or dynamic as active or passive pursuits because youre confined to your home with fewer contacts to socialize with. The more money spent indoors the better the home entertainment but this would depend on the persons lifestyle, age, interests and income value. There has recently been a government initiative to get the UK ready for a digital revolution, so home-based leisure pursuits can increase in popularity because with the new additions people can expect changes in picture quality, variety, sound quality and the availability of channels. There are four main categories for home-based leisure and they are: Reading – There are many varieties of texts which anyone could read such as newspapers, magazines, novels, documents and short stories. There are many people who read these for their home-based pursuit. Reading has many benefits, for example it can develop a persons literacy skills and make the person more confident (psychologically). Reading is typically an individual activity, where if you prefer to read out loud than you relate to a form of intrapersonal communication. Reading can be done almost anywhere but its preferable to read at home than somewhere else, also people can read books and other texts online for free so there are more benefits by saving money If someone does read through the internet. House and garden – There are more and more people participating in improving their homes, mainly because of popular DIY related TV shows and magazines. This has lead to an increase in homes being developed for profitable use. The DIY market hasnt been recovering much with all servicing for the mortgage and securing employment it seems to be difficult for the DIY market to progress. Gardening is an activity which is popular amongst older age groups and is increasing in popularity. The increase in the demographic population could be one of the reasons why gardening has had its boost in participants. Home Entertainment There has been many new innovations in home technology such as with cable, digital, satellite TV, Blue ray players, DVDs and internet TV . The biggest increase in the market has to be with computers and computer games. Hobbies and past times There has been a recent trend to fuse traditional and modern concepts. Electronic toys are particularly popular, and keeping a pet as a hobby is ever popular despite increasing pet-care costs. They are described as home-based pursuits because they all involve the use of the persons home in one way or another. Whether its gardening, DIY or playing computer games it is directly stated as home-based leisure because its activities you participate in, while at home. 1.4 Regional variation Regional variations have impacts on certain types of sports or leisure activities. For example mountaineering would be more popular in Scotland rather than in rural parts of England and Wales. With variations come differences in sports, such as Gaelic football may be a local favourite in some parts of Ireland but in some other regions they may prefer flat green bowling. Some reasons for the difference could be because, various regions might have a high elderly age average and so prefer flat green bowling over other activities or it may be because Gaelic football might not be part of their history or culture, so it would not be passed down from generation to generation. Age and athleticism isnt the main factor in regional variations. There are many criterias which limit the popularity and importance of an activity in various regions. For example weather, skiing is far more popular in places like France and Sweden rather than in Great Britain mainly because the climate in Great Britain always changes, so snow can never be guaranteed. While places in France and Sweden can guarantee snow most of the year round. Equivalent with sailing, Great Britain would have a much higher participation rate in sailing compared to other countries such as Netherlands or Belgium because Great Britains coastline is around ‘12429 km'(Wikipedia, 2007) long and Netherlands is estimated to be about ‘451 km (Answer, 2008). Some regional variations could occur because of a lack of space. People who live in urban areas have to find other activities which best suit their lifestyles, such as indoor activities (where space is open and not limited) Parkour, free running and other urban activities. Participation rates are also affected by regional variations because people who live in built up areas are less likely to take up an active activity than other regions. ‘There are surprisingly wide variations in levels of participation. For example, sports participation rates in Moray are nearly twice those of Glasgow.(Sports Scotland, 2006) Landscape is also an important factor in regional variations. Hiking and mountain climbing would be much more popular in Scotland rather than in England because Scotland has many mountains and wilderness/countryside whilst England lack the mountains and wilderness. Demographic population levels also affect regional variations because countries with a high population level will take part in more well known sports such as rugby or football. Whilst countries with less populated people would prefer their home sports rather than most common ones such as bandy in Poland. 1.5 Summary The diversity of the leisure industry ranges from many criterias such as skydiving to spectator sports to working out to even just loving cars. It is one of the most commonly used aspects in our lives because it plays a key role in the economy, business, marketing and communities across the UK and Europe. This chart below shows the diversity and range of the leisure industry. 1.6 Scale of the industry The scale of the leisure industry is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the UK and Europe. A good example of this criterion is the new development of Camberly town centre. The following data shows the scale of the Atrium, its developments, its participation rates and its plans for housing and employment. Original Development: The development of Camberley as an original development only had one shopping centre (The Mall) which is built around the Main Square in the late 1980s. The Mall hosts a large variety of high street shops such as H.Samuel, Argos, Primark, House of Fraser and many more. These shops today really have anchored the development of Camberley towards higher grounds for a much more efficient and entertain able Camberley. Multiplier effect stage 1: There was much debate and delays (plans having been discussed for over half a decade) on the construction of ‘The Atrium which started in May 2006. The new development includes ‘residential, leisure and retail facilities, as well as a 900 space car park. There are 217 design-led apartments divided into three areas within the complex (named Centro, Aspect and Courtyard). (Wikipedia, 2008) Multiplier effect stage 2: Month (2009) Unique Individuals Jan 42,774 Feb 47,250 Mar 45,997 Apr 42,971 May 39,756 Jun 40,124 Jul 39,451 Aug 38,500 After the development of ‘The Atrium many associated leisure venues were built soon after. These include Nandos, Frank and Bennies, Bella Italia, Starbucks and a Vue cinema theatre. Transport to the new attraction sites was predominantly important in the planning stages so they decided to build a convenient bus stop right outside the site for easier access to ‘The Atrium, ‘The Mall and the residential area. For this to happen there needed to be a new road built which would allow easier access for all convenient transport. (Surrey Heath Borough Council Leading for tommorow, 2009) The graph above shows the number of unique individuals who enter ‘The Atrium each month. The average amount of people who do enter ‘The Atrium is 36,731. The graph also shows that there were more people visiting ‘The Atrium in the earlier months from January towards April. Multiplier Effect Stage 3: There are also many sports facilities (old and new) around ‘The Atrium such as Windlesham Golf Course, Vital club, Fitness First Camberley, Golds Gym and many more. ‘The Atrium has many leisure facilities which include pool tables, arcade, bowling, bars and a lounge with monitors. Housing and Employment plans: Below are the set plans for the development of housing and employment in the Camberley district. It explains the availability of affordable accommodation for residents and its future plans. The employment development will include new offices, shopping facilities and some key schemes. 2 bedroom flats will be sold for around  £216,950 with kitchen en suite and outside parking. ‘The provision of residential units as part of mixed use development will be encouraged throughout much of the town centre. This will enable the current very low levels of residential accommodation within the Centre to be increased thereby enhancing its vitality and making it a more sustainable location. Higher density accommodation with an affordable element will be the most appropriate form of residential. Around 500 dwellings could be built up to 2026 around the town centre. This includes the 217 dwelling currently being built as part of The Atrium. Source: (Surrey Heath Borough Council Leading for tommorow, 2009) ‘New employment development such as offices will be allowed. The Town Centre needs to keep most of its offices its a good location for employment floor space being close to transport and shopping facilities. There is a high vacancy rate in the stock of offices in the Town Centre. For this reason, the loss of some offices will be allowed where it helps achieve some key schemes in the Town Centre. Source: (Surrey Heath Borough Council Leading for tommorow, 2009) Recent Economy: The graph below shows the properties in Camberley sold per month. As seen on the graph the most properties that were sold were the new residential flats near The Atrium, from May to July 06 the properties sold were at their highest, peaking at more than 100 flats sold in a space of two months. That would average about 2 flats sold a day. So as soon when The Atrium opened with the apartments the pattern in property sales rose significantly to a much higher level. Source: (Globrix Corporation, 2009) So the economical value for Camberley Town is at a high rate with new jobs being created and more leisure activities available and new apartments being built, The Atrium should show a significant rise in profit in a few years time, even when the recession hits hardest. 1.7 Importance of the industry Participation rates for the teen and adult groups Participation: Gymnastics ‘There has been a significant increase (from 0.1% to 0.2%) of 30,000 gymnastics participants between 2005/6 and 2007/8. 89,000 adults (age 16 and over) have participated in gymnastics at least once a week. Male participation has also increased from 0.07% in Active People Survey 1 to 0.10%. Overall participation in gymnastics has increased in England; there has also been a statistically significant increase in the South East, South West and West Midlands regions. Participation: Badminton ‘Participation in badminton has increased among the non white population from 1.7% to 2.1%, an increase of 25,000 participants. There has been no statistically significant change in participation within gender or disability sub groups such as the age groups 16-19, 20-24 and 25-29. Participation – once in the last four weeks ‘940,000 adults have participated in badminton at least once in the last four weeks. This represents 2.3% of the adult population, and there has been no statistically significant change in participation between 2005/6 and 2007/8. (Sport England Government, 2008) There has been no significant statistical change in badminton participation in any of the English regions recently, reflected by the static participation rates at a national level. Active Lifestyle: Sport England plan to encourage an active lifestyle by using sport and recreation as one of the building blocks of planning and delivery for sustainable and healthier communities. They Identify opportunities for delivering and enhanced quality of life for communities, in the short, medium and longer term. ‘Sport England seeks to engage with planners at regional and local levels to help ensure that the interests of sport and active recreation are well represented actively promoted and appropriately developed in the interests of all. (Sport England Government, 2009) Themes for Spatial Planning Outcomes of Change for Sport and Active Recreation Environmental sustainability Community safety Local economic viability Improving quality of life and well-being Health improvement Raising standards in schools Increasing participation on sport and active recreation Improving levels of performance Widening access Improving health and well-being Stronger and safer communities Improving education Benefiting the economy (Sport England Government, 2008-2009) Other benefits: Other benefits which could lead to inspiration and encouragement is different strategies such as respect of community, crime/disorder reduction, neighbourhood renewal strategies and corporate plans. Environmental Sustainability – sport and recreation can contribute to the sustainable use of natural resources. Community Safety – sport can help to directly reduce social neglect and participation. Quality of Life and Well-Being – physical activity contributes to peoples experience of well-being and sense of partnership with their surroundings. Health Improvement – physical activity should be a natural part of everyday life. Raising Standards in Schools – the foundations of life-long health and sporting excellence lie in early opportunities for taking part in sport and active leisure.

Concentration of Salt Solution :: Papers

Concentration of Salt Solution (dmÃâ€" ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ³) 1st set of results (g) 2nd set of results (g) 3rd set of results (g) Average of the 3 sets of results (g) 0 2.11 1.79 1.05 1.65 0.2 2.30 1.87 1.09 1.75 0.4 2.32 2.03 1.12 1.82 0.6 2.40 2.01 1.12 1.84 0.8 2.43 2.10 1.08 1.87 1.0 2.38 2.01 1.09 1.83 1.2 2.33 2.12 1.09 1.85 1.4 2.27 2.02 1.08 1.78 1.6 2.27 2.01 1.08 1.79 1.8 2.27 2.11 1.17 1.85 2.0 2.24 2.01 0.96 1.74 Results This is a table to show the mass of the potatoes at the start of the experiment. Each weight was carried out three times. The next table shows the weights of the potatoes after the experiment Concentration of salt solution (DmÃâ€" ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ³) 1st set of results (g) 2nd set of results (g) 3rd set of results (g) Average of the 3 sets of results (g) 0 2.11 1.79 1.05 1.65 0.2 2.30 1.87 1.09 1.75 0.4 2.32 2.03 1.12 1.82 0.6 2.40 2.01 1.12 1.84 0.8 2.43 2.10 1.08 1.87 1.0 2.38 2.01 1.09 1.83 1.2 2.33 2.12 1.09 1.85 1.4

Comparison of Scales of Justice and Gattaca :: Contemporary Society Literature Essays

Comparison of Scales of Justice and Gattaca The texts â€Å"Scales Of Justice† and â€Å"Gattaca† are two texts which allow the reader to witness a variety of interpretations and explore the relevant issues that are visible within contemporary society. Such issues as corruption within the police force, racism, sexual harassment, discrimination and manipulation of power are shown to give different interpretations of issues which plague today’s society and potentially our future. â€Å"Scales Of Justice† shows the corruption in the police force. It is a fictitious portrayal of organised crime and human weaknesses in an unstated Australian location. It is about the possible abuses of power in the police force and is a study of power and its potential to corrupt. The drama is concerned with organised crime both petty and at a high level, involving those in senior positions of responsibility. Scales of Justice shows where corruption begins and allows us to see the many examples of the fine line our police must tread. The first act, â€Å"The Job† raises many issues. The issue of abuse of power and corruption is also shown with the politics of law enforcement. It shows the extent to which the Australian system of criminal justice conforms to our liberal democratic views of fairness, openness, accountability and efficiency. The discrepancy between the police image and police practice is shown by the act police put on in certain situations. Another issue is the paperwork load carried by the police officers and the effects that this has on their attitudes towards their work. The attitudes of male and female members of the police force towards alleged victims of rape is another issue which Scales OF justice rises in its portrayal of a corrupt police force. Act One of Scales Of Justice is a study of the limits of integrity. It shows the naivety of a policeman in which his ideas bring him into conflict with his colleagues. In Scales of Justice power and the abuse of it is shown mainly through corruption within the police force. It shows us that along with power there can be negative and positive effects on people lifestyles. In Scales of Justice it is shown that there is a certain hierarchy and those in higher positions often dominate and control those in positions that are below them. A classic example of this is Sergeant O’Rourke and Probationary Constable Webber. O’Rourke is basically a bully in his position.

Ethics in public ad Essay

Since the 1970s there has been a great deal of change associated with the implementation of administrative ethics. These changes have been promoted and motivated by the concept of public administration in the new era. An important position is given to the concept of ethical issues in today’s civil governance. There has been a great deal of research associated with this concept which has been supported by translation of evidences and theories into practice across different continents. Frederickson and Ghere (2005) address both the managerial and individual/moral dimensions of ethical behavior as well as new challenges to administrative ethics posed by globalization. As promoted by Cooper (2001) ethics in public administration is not a transient concept but has proven to be an approach which has shown a great deal of sustainability which is fundamental to the area of public administration. Public administration has certain issues with regard to ethics implementation and finds it troublesome to come to terms with them. One reason for this is because ethics is embedded in an intellectual framework. This framework is based on stable institutional as well as role relationship levels, among both public employees as well as the organization. According to the views of a number of researchers (Bang and Sorensen, 1999; Keast et al., 2004; Rhodes, 1996; Sorensen, 2002, 2006; Sorensen and Torfing, 2004; Stoker, 1998), current government perspectives believe that clarity and stability at these levels would be problematic. Despite the increasing number of studies that have focused on the importance of administrative ethics, there has been very little effort spent on identifying what is exactly the crux of ethics in administration (Cooper, 2004). This lack of directed research in the dynamics of operations with regards to ethics in public administration along with constant changes in the principles and policies associated with administrative ethics need to be examined. These developments have raised new topics for concern in this field. One example which can be cited at this juncture is the emergence of the concept of egovernance which would require the identification of a whole new paradigm of ethics in public administration.

Illegal Immigration: Claims Making Analysis

I. Introduction and Background Illegal immigration from Mexico to the United States is a social problem that has caused a great deal of debate. There are several pros and cons to having illegal immigrants in the U.S., and many people have very strong opinions on the topic. From traditional news organizations to members of special interest groups, there have been a great deal of news articles published on this issue. I chose this topic because it has recently become a very popular social problem in California, which is where I currently reside. Particularly in my hometown of San Diego, illegal immigration from Mexico is very prevalent. I grew up seeing illegal immigrant workers outside of home depot, working in small taco shops by the beach, and doing various low paying jobs. Illegal immigration into the United States is a topic that is frequently discussed and covered by the media, and I thought it would be interesting to explore the different ways illegal immigration claims are covered and packaged by traditional news sources and members of special interest groups. Many individuals consider illegal immigration to be a social problem for various reasons. To start, according to the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), it is believed that illegal immigration costs U.S. taxpayers billions of dollars each year. Money the government has received in the form of taxes is used to pay for illegal immigrants’ medical care, education in public schools, and imprisonment (FAIR, 2011). Also, illegal immigrants take jobs that could be occupied by unemployed American citizens. Due to the fact that these immigrants do not need to be paid minimum wage, employers are able to pay them much less than people living legally in the U.S. Another reason illegal immigration is considered to be a social problem is because it is often linked with identity theft. Finally, illegal immigration is considered a problem because many of these aliens commit serious crimes and endanger US citizens. According to Liberty Pundits, â€Å"In the population study of a sample of 55,322 illegal aliens, researchers found that they were arrested at least a total of 459,614 times, averaging about 8 arrests per illegal alien,† (Liberty Pundits, 2010). For these reasons, many people consider illegal immigration in the United States to be a serious social problem. The news articles that I have selected to analyze for this paper come from a variety of sources. Half of them are from traditional news sources including ABC News, the Union Tribune, the examiner.com, buzzle.com, and darwinsmoney.com. I chose the articles from these sources because for the most part they presented the social problem without making a clear argument on the topic for the most part. In general, these news sources presented the social problem of illegal immigration and showed both the pros and cons. The main focus of these articles is to draw attention to the claim. The rest of the articles are from special interest group members such as Liberty Pundits, FAIR, and three different blogs. I selected these articles because the authors had a very strong opinion on the social problem of illegal immigration. As a whole, the target audiences of these articles are very similar. The middle and lower classes are the main target audience because they are the ones who are most directly affected by illegal immigration. The middle and lower classes are losing jobs, paying to support, and dealing with the crime of illegal immigrants in the United States. While the lower and middle classes are the target audience, many of the news sources also attempt to grab the attention of a much larger group, all U.S. citizens. By saying that illegal immigrants are costing all taxpayers lots of money and committing many crimes, some of these sources target the entire U.S. population. In my paper, I will analyze the different ways by which these articles present the social problem of illegal immigration. From the book â€Å"Social Problems† by Joel Best, I will specifically be talking about statistics used, domain expansion, balance, and the use of counterclaims (Best, 2008). Even though these articles all cover illegal immigration in the United States, the way the topic is presented and covered by each source is different. II. Traditional news articles Overall, the traditional news articles tend to bring up and draw attention to the claims without giving their input or personal opinion on the topic. While certain articles may make it seem obvious that illegal immigration is a social problem by stating some of the downsides, they never outright say that something needs to be done. In fact, a couple of the articles not only state the claims, but also illustrate the counter claims as well. These articles are simply stating the facts in a way that draws the most possible attention from the target audience. The ABC editorial â€Å"Expensive Aliens: How Much Do Illegal Immigrants Really Cost?† is a perfect example of an article that brings up a claim about illegal immigration, but also recognizes the counter argument. Instead of simply stating that illegal immigrants are costing the â€Å"U.S. taxpayers more than $100 billion each year,† this article also recognizes the positive economic impact that they have on our country (Fahmy, 2010, p. 1). By addressing both sides of this debate, ABC is able to capture a much broader audience. People on both sides of the social problem, as well as people who do not know much about this claim will be interested in reading the article. The article posted on Darwin’s Money is very similar to the ABC article in many respects. The article starts out by saying, â€Å"There are two sides to every story†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and states that the article will attempt to be as objective as possible. The purpose of this article is to address both sides of the illegal immigration dispute and make the audience aware of this social problem. As stated in Best’s book â€Å"Social Problems,† these two articles attempt to have balance because they are written about a very controversial issue (Best, 2008). The articles want to address and bring up a problem without upsetting anyone in an effort to keep the largest possible audience. My next article from a traditional news source, â€Å"Illegal Immigration Problems,† takes a slightly different approach. All but the last paragraph of this editorial are focused on the problems with illegal immigration. What Best calls domain expansion is used to draw attention to the fact that illegal immigration is a problem (Best, 2008). In this article, the problem is expanded to include disease, crime, deprivation of rights, and insufficient recourses. However, at the end of the article, the author says, â€Å"Is there a need to solve the issue of illegal immigration or are there illegal immigration pros and cons? Is it right to take immediate action about illegal immigration?† (Borkar, 2010). These questions imply that illegal immigration might not be a problem at all. By doing this, the writer acknowledges the counterclaims and adds balance to the article. Although this editorial does not completely recognize illegal immigration as a social problem, it does spend the majority of the time discussing why illegal immigrants are such a problem to the United States. The final two articles from traditional news sources are written in a much different way. These two articles believe that illegal immigration is a problem, and fail to mention anything about counterclaims. The article in the Examiner, written by Joe Campana, focuses on the claim that, â€Å"There is an insidious connection between illegal immigration and identity theft,† (Campana, 2010) This tactic of using domain expansion helps to attract a wider audience of people not only interested in identity theft, but also illegal immigration. The Union Tribune article, â€Å"The human, financial costs of illegal immigration,† also makes it much more clear to the audience that illegal immigration is a problem. The reason the Union Tribune is able to write about how terrible illegal immigration is for our country is because the audience of this newspaper is comprised mostly of people living in San Diego, where illegal immigration has many negative affects on the people. In San Diego, many individuals have lost jobs due to the recent economic downturn, and the high prevalence of illegal immigrants gives the unemployed someone to blame. Domain expansion and statistics, specifically, are used in this article to help show the negative effects of illegal immigrants on the people of San Diego. By saying that uncompensated emergency room costs alone are around $154.9 million a year, it makes people upset that they must pay this money in the form of taxes (Bilbray, 2011). It almost creates resentment towards the illegal immigrants. The domain expansion is also exemplified by bringing in job loss and unemployment and saying that at least part of it is caused by illegal immigration. III. Special Interest Articles Special interest articles tend to use a much different approach than traditional news articles when writing about the social problem of illegal immigration. In general, special interest articles are likely to be much more radical in the way that they address the social problem. Rather than just stating a problem and trying to gain attention, they also attempt to persuade the audience that something must be done to fix the issue or there will be negative effects on society. The articles written by Liberty Pundits and FAIR use crime and public safety as a way to convince people that something must be done to stop illegal immigration. FAIR even calls illegal immigrants a, â€Å"public safety issue,† in the article (FAIR, 2011). By using domain expansion, the articles are able to gain a larger audience by instilling fear in the U.S. citizens who read this article. Saying that illegal immigration causes crime will make people want to get rid of illegal immigration because it will make them feel as though their safety is being jeopardized. FAIR also makes the audience scared that illegal immigrants cause danger and crime by giving a very long list of crimes that illegal immigrants have committed. Liberty Pundits also uses statistics to convince the audience that illegal immigrants, as a whole, are mostly criminals. In a study of 124 alien arrests, Liberty Pundits reports that 103 had prior arrests, 85 of the 103 had a felony, and 49 of those had multiple felonies (Liberty Pundits, 2010). Although these statistics may not be a good representation of all illegal immigrants, to the average reader these statistics seem very convincing and makes it seem as though almost all illegal immigrants are dangerous. In these ways, the two articles cause people to believe illegal immigration must be stopped, which also causes some of the audience to become activists on the issue. By using statistics and domain expansion, the blogs â€Å"Where Do All the New Jobs Go?†, â€Å"Economic costs of illegal immigration†, and â€Å"Illegal Immigration† attempt to convince its audience that illegal immigration needs to be stopped. The article â€Å"Where Do All the New Jobs Go?† use statistics to show how illegal immigration almost doubles the number of jobs that need to be created to support the number of people in the labor force. Two million jobs need to be created to support U.S. born labor force entrants, 5.7 million jobs must be created when legal immigrants are added to that number, and a staggering 10 million jobs need to be created per year when we add illegal immigrants to that number (Stop Illegal Immigration Now, 2007). The article â€Å"Economic costs of illegal immigration† states that, â€Å"An estimated 1,880,000 American workers are displaced from their jobs every year by immigration,† (The American Resistance, 2003). Along with piggybacking the social problem of unemployment, these statistics are intended to magnify the number of jobs illegal immigrants are taking from U.S. citizens. Expanding the domain by piggybacking the social problem of unemployment helps to gain the support of the unemployed and those whose jobs are threatened by illegal immigrants. In addition, it is interesting that the blog â€Å"Where Do All the New Jobs Go?† not only attempts to gain support on the issue of illegal immigration, but also attempts to gain activists by saying, â€Å"Ask your Congressman and Senators and local elected officials exactly what they are doing to stop our problem with illegal immigration and vanishing borders.† (Skymail, 2010). Unlike the traditional news sources, this article makes its views on illegal immigration clear and states that people need to do their part to fix the problem. IV. Comparison, Analysis, and Conclusion Traditional news sources and articles written by activists had many similarities and differences in the way that they discuss the issue of illegal immigration. While traditional news articles tend to simply bring up an issue to the audience and let them form their own opinions, the blogs and articles written by activists not only attempt to spread information about the issue, but also try to convince people that something needs to be done and to get the audience more involved with the problem. The goal of the activists is to gain support on an issue, and ultimately to have something done to eliminate the problem. On the other hand, the goal of traditional news articles’ goal is simply to find and write about interesting stories that will appeal to the largest possible audience. These articles often have balance and discuss both sides of the problem. Instead of just saying that illegal immigration is an issue and it must be solved, traditional news articles also talk about the positives that illegal immigrants bring to our country. On the other hand, the two types of articles also had many similarities. For example, both traditional news sources and articles written by activists used domain expansion and statistics. Both types of articles attempted to use these techniques in order to show the magnitude of this social problem and to gain the audience’s interest. By using domain expansion, both types of articles are able to relate the problem to a larger group of people on a much more personal level. By doing this, the editorials gain the interest of a much bigger audience, which is equally important to both types of articles. In addition, both traditional news articles and articles/blogs written by activists have similar audiences. Illegal immigration most directly affects the lower and middle class, therefore those are the people that these articles attempt to attract. Traditional news articles and articles written by activists also shape the public perception of illegal immigration. For articles written by activists, shaping the public perception is very important. The goal of these articles is to make the audience believe that illegal immigration is a serious problem and something needs to be done to stop it. By using various methods, the activists shape the public’s opinion about the issue and convince them that illegal immigration is a serious problem. On the other hand, traditional news articles tend not to do the same. These articles present the issue, and let the public form their own opinions on the problem. Overall, it is clear that the way in which social problems are constructed directly relates to the writer of article. While activists attempt to gain support for their cause and beliefs on an issue, traditional news sources simply attempt to present an issue and captivate the largest possible audience. Even though articles written by various sources may cover the same topic, the way the issue is constructed is generally very different.